Evaluación de variables cardiovasculares en una población calchaquí de media y alta montaña de Tucumán / Evaluation of Cardiovascular Variables in a Calchaquí Population in the Middle and High Mountains of Tucumán

RESUMEN Introducción: La comunidad Quilmes (Tucumán) abarca 2400 habitantes de media y alta montaña (1800 a 4000 metros sobre el nivel del mar). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer su estado de salud cardiovascular. Material y métodos: Se efectuó una investigación cuantitativa descriptiva transversal en personas pertenecientes a dicha comunidad que asistieron voluntariamente en los días 27 a 29 de septiembre de 2018 a la evaluación prevista. Resultados: Se estudiaron 202 pobladores (125 mujeres y 77 varones; 48 ± 1,4 años). El 23% de ellos tenían hipertensión arterial (HTA); un 14% eran tabaquistas; el 4,9% tenían diabetes (DBT); el 18% presentaba dislipidemia (DLP); el 25% consumía alcohol rutinariamente (1,0 ± 0,4 L/día). Asimismo, el 29% presentaba sobrepeso y el 36% obesidad. Se registró presión arterial (PA) elevada en 48 personas al momento del estudio. La PA disminuyó en la tercera toma con respecto a la primera, pero la frecuencia cardíaca aumentó en la tercera toma (74 ± 1 latidos por minuto vs. 77 ± 1; p <0,01). La saturación de O2 (95,0 ± 0,2%) se correlacionó negativamente con la edad (Pearson r: −0,266; p <0,001). En los pobladores con PA normal, la relación E/A determinada ecográficamente fue mayor (1,2 ± 0,0) y el espesor de la pared posterior del ventrículo izquierdo fue menor (8,5 ± 0.5 mm) que en aquellos con PA elevada (0,92 ± 0,1 y 9,0 ± 0.3, respectivamente, p <0,001). El 24% presentó placas ateroscleróticas y 120 pobladores presentaron DLP. Conclusiones: La población Quilmes presenta una prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular similar a la de centros urbanos, los que podrían llevar en los próximos años a un incremento de la morbimortalidad cardiovascular en esta población

ABSTRACT Background: The Quilmes community includes 2,400 inhabitants of the middle and high mountains of Tucumán (1,800 to 4,000 meters above sea level). The purpose of the present study was to know their cardiovascular health status. Material and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive quantitative investigation was carried out in people belonging to the Quilmes community who voluntarily attended the planned evaluation on September 27-29, 2018. Results: Two hundred and two settlers were studied (125 women and 77 men; 48 ± 1.4 years), 23% of them had hypertension (HTN); 14% were smokers; 4.9% had diabetes; 18% had dyslipidemia (DLP) and 25% usually consumed alcohol (1.0 ± 0.4 L/day). Also, 29% were overweight and 36% obese. High blood pressure (BP) was recorded in 48 individuals at the time of the study. Blood pressure decreased in the third compared to the first measurement, whereas heart rate increased in the third assessment (74 ± 1 beats per minute vs. 77 ± 1; p <0.01). Oxygen saturation (95.0 ± 0.2%) was negatively correlated with age (Pearson r: −0.266; p <0.001). In individuals with normal BP, ultrasound E/ratio was higher (1.2 ± 0.0) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness was lower (8.5±0.5 mm) than in those with elevated BP (0.92±0.1 and 9.0 ± 0.3, respectively, p <0.001). Twenty-four percent of individuals had atherosclerotic plaques and 120 had DLP. Conclusions: The Quilmes population presents a prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors similar to that of urban centers, which could lead to an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the coming years

Consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes de 10 a 14 años de la ciudad de San Felipe, Chile: prevalencia y factores asociados / Smoking and alcohol use among Chilean teenagers aged 10 to 14 years

Background: Smoking and alcohol use are risky behaviors that can start early in life. Aim: To determine the lifetime prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use in adolescents aged 10 to 14 years and related factors. Subjects and Methods: A survey about smoking and alcohol use was answered by 1,392 teenagers aged 10 to 14 years (46% women) from seven schools in a small city near Santiago. Personal, family, and school factors were evaluated through self-report scales. Smoking and alcohol use, as dichotomous dependent variables, were defined as having consumed any of these substances throughout life. Prevalence was calculated as percentages with 95% confidence intervals. Association analyses were conducted using multivariable logistic regression models. Results: Six and eleven percent of participants reported having smoked and used alcohol in their life, respectively. Smoking was associated with age, having behavioral problems, mothers’ smoking, perceiving that parents had drug problems, and not living with both parents. Alcohol use was mainly associated with age, having behavioral problems, perceiving that other students consumed drugs, alcohol use by both parents, and perceiving a lack of family support. Conclusions: Tobacco and alcohol use is highly prevalent in adolescents aged 10-14 years. There were common risk factors for smoking and alcohol use such as age and having behavioral problems, while other factors were more specific such as mothers’ smoking, or parental alcohol use.

Factores asociados a conductas promotoras de salud en adolescentes chilenos / Factors associated with health promoting behaviors among Chilean adolescents

Background: Health-promoting behaviors are important to prevent diseases and prolong life in the population. People develop these behaviors throughout life. However, better benefits for health are obtained with an early development. Aim: To determine the prevalence of health-promoting behaviors among early adolescents and its associated factors. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional survey performed in 1,465 students of high, medium and low socio-economic status, attending fifth to eighth grades of schools located in a small Chilean city. Participants answered a questionnaire that gathered information about frequency of health-promoting behaviors such as health responsibility and nutrition, physical exercise and stress management, life appreciation, social support and different personal, school and familial factors. Results: A higher frequency of health-promoting behaviors was associated with better academic achievement, better school commitment, and higher perception of school membership. It also was associated with a better perception of health status and a higher conformity with physical appearance. Conclusions: Health promoting behaviors in these children are related to a better academic achievement and a higher integration with school environment.